CSF2 and urogenital neoplasm: To date, the only FDA-approved therapeutic cancer vaccine is Sipuleucel-T [5], which involves ex vivo activation of autologous antigen-presenting cells (APCs) with a fusion protein containing prostate antigens and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a cytokine that stimulates APCs and recruits immune cells, to prompt immune responses against metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer.