HA, along with other uremic toxins like IS and pCS, is associated with coronary atherosclerosis, contributing to cardiovascular risk in CKD patients [57]; HA levels independently correlate with several hemodialysis quality indicators, including blood pressure, β2-microglobulin, and creatinine levels, suggesting that HA could serve as a marker for assessing the effectiveness of hemodialysis treatment [51]; HA levels are associated with tubular injury markers, such as kidney injury molecule 1 (Kim-1) [58]. Here, HAVCR1 is linked to coronary atherosclerosis.