TGFB1 and neoplasm: Immune Modulation: CAFs suppress anti-tumor immunity by secreting immunosuppressive cytokines (TGF-β, IL-10), expressing checkpoint ligands (PD-L1, PD-L2, FASL), and altering chemokine gradients (CXCL12) to exclude cytotoxic T cells [29,30,31,32].