Separately, a mechanistic study using the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data and breast cancer models demonstrated that PDGFRβ, along with caveolin-1 (Cav-1), promotes autophagy in CAFs through the mTOR/FIP200/ATG13 pathway and enhances tumor invasiveness via HIF-1α/MCT4/MCT1 signaling [197]. Here, HIF1A is linked to neoplasm.