TGFB1 and synucleinopathy: Our group has shown that exposure of astrocytes to α-synuclein oligomers increased GLAST and GLT-1 expression and that pharmacological inhibition of TGF-β1 signaling in vivo prevented this upregulation, highlighting the involvement of TGF-β in glutamate transporter regulation in a mouse model of synucleinopathy [33].