Currently, there are some biomarkers, such as urine PCA3, HOXC6, and DLX1 mRNA, as well as ERG and PCA3 exosomal RNA, for risk stratification that are for clinical use, but there are no clinically validated biomarkers used routinely other than PSA pre-diagnostically to identify aggressive PCa. This evidence concerns the gene PCA3 and posterior cortical atrophy.