The strongest evidence for PANoptosis in IBD exists in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), particularly in Crohn’s disease, where impaired function of ATG16L1, IRGM and NOD2 promotes NLRP3–caspase-1–caspase-8–RIPK3 activation [82,196,197]. Here, CASP1 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.