TNF and COVID-19: A leading, indirect pathway is inflammation-driven tumor promotion, particularly through IL-6/JAK–STAT3, IL-1β/NLRP3, TNF-α/NF-κB, and ELR+ CXC chemokines (e.g., IL-8/CXCL8), which are all engaged during COVID-19 and have established roles in lung tumor biology [68,69,70,71,98,99,101,105,112,130,131,132,133,134,135,136,137,138,139,140,141,142] (Table 5).