Second, updated research agenda: link infection history and vaccination status to cancer registries; embed biospecimen collection (airways and serum) in post-COVID cohorts; profile ACE2/RAS, autophagy/lysosome, NLRP3, and checkpoint axes; and validate cytokine/chemokine signatures (IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-17, TNF-α, CXCL9, CCL2, CCL5) as risk stratifiers or therapeutic adjuncts in pulmonary oncology [19,24,31,33,67]. Here, TNF is linked to cancer.