BMAL1 and Parkinson disease: BMAL1 inactivation in a mouse model of PD (treated with 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrahydropyridine or MPTP) exacerbated the pathological phenotype: it increased motor impairments, promoted the loss of DA neurons in the compact part of the substantia nigra, enhanced microglial activation, and upregulated the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and astrocyte markers in the striatum [46].