BMAL1 and Alzheimer disease: In the cerebral cortex of patients with AD, the protein levels of CLOCK and BMAL1 are elevated in astrocytes, which reduce GFAP-positive filaments and suppress aerobic glycolysis and lactate production via a reduction in hexokinase 1 and lactate dehydrogenase levels that promote cytotoxicity via the activation of caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in these cells [95].