BDNF and Alzheimer disease: In AD models, McNerney and coworkers reported that 10 Hz rTMS delivered for two to six weeks upregulated BDNF expression and cholinergic signaling [48], while Kim and colleagues showed that both 1 Hz and 10 Hz protocols promoted proliferation (BDNF), differentiation (CREB), survival (ERK, STAT3, STAT5), and anti-apoptotic signaling (Bcl-2, Akt), albeit with longer-lasting effects at 10 Hz [47].