Fan et al. [93] showed that lactate induces lactylation of Snail1, enhancing its binding to TGF-β genes, upregulating TGF-β expression and activating the TGF-β/Smad2 pathway, promoting EndoMT and aggravating post-MI cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction. Here, TGFB1 is linked to myocardial infarction.