NPPA and hydrops fetalis: On the other hand, Zhao et al. [103] showed from TAC-induced cardiomyocytes and mouse models that enhanced glycolysis leads to lactate accumulation and increased histone lactylation, particularly H3K18la, which upregulates β-MHC, ANP and BNP to induce hypertrophy and fibrosis, thereby worsening cardiac function and HF.