PKM and Alzheimer disease: Pan et al. found that in microglia isolated from the brains of 5×FAD mice, both lactate and H4K12la levels were significantly increased; H4K12la was enriched at promoters of HIF-1α, PKM, and LDHA, activating their expression and thereby enhancing glycolytic activity and consequently aggravating microglial dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [44].