TGFB1 and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: As previously mentioned, frontline treatment for RIF in HNSCC consists of PENTOX therapy combining an anti-inflammatory agent, PTX, with Vitamin E. While the anti-inflammatory mechanism of these agents is known to disrupt production of TGFβ, suggesting direct anti-fibrotic potential, complete abrogation of RIF in HNSCC patients is yet to be seen with this therapy [58,59,60].