TLR4 and irritable bowel syndrome: Remarkably, as down-regulation of miR-16 expression was reported in the jejunum of patients with IBS [107], it is shown that miR-16 targets Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), inhibits TLR4/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signaling, and improves enterocyte viability and tight junction integrity while reducing apoptosis and cytokine production in an experimental animal model of IBS [108].