TNF and irritable bowel syndrome: Furthermore, as up-regulation of miR-150 and miR-342-3p are involved in colonic motility, smooth muscle function, inflammatory pathways, and pain signaling in IBS [110], therapeutic effects of certain probiotics, including L. fermentum and E. coli Nissle, against colitis-associated dysbiosis and inflammation was shown to be mediated by restoration of the expression of miR-143 and miR-150 and reduced expression of MMP-2 and TNF-α [111].