NFKB1 and cancer: At moderate concentrations, ROS activates the cancer cell survival signaling cascade involving mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2 (MAPK/ERK1/2) [2], p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), which in turn activate the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) [3], matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).