The development and progression of cognitive impairment in patients with T2DM are believed to result from several interrelated mechanisms: chronic neuronal damage caused by advanced glycation end-products under hyperglycemic conditions, reduced cerebral oxygenation due to microvascular damage, impaired neuroplasticity in the setting of systemic inflammation, and disrupted synaptic transmission in the insulin-resistant brain [6]. Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.