SAB has also been reported to inhibit TGF-β/Smad signaling to reduce fibrosis and attenuate ROS levels, thereby suppressing atherosclerosis in cardiovascular disease models (He et al., 2023; Liang et al., 2024; Shahzadi et al., 2020; X. Xu et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and atherosclerosis.