Traditional CV risk factors, including hypertension, dyslipidaemia, hypervolaemia, and sympathetic overactivity, interact synergistically with uraemia-related factors, including anaemia, hyperphosphataemia, hyperparathyroidism, elevated fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23), sleep apnoea, and chronic systemic inflammation [8,9]. Here, FGF23 is linked to anemia (phenotype).