Pathway enrichment analysis of these clusters highlights the interconnected processes sustaining cancer progression, including proliferation and cell cycle regulation (e.g., ABCG2, KIF18B, TPX2), maintenance of genomic integrity (e.g., HJURP, SKA3), metabolic reprogramming and stress adaptation (e.g., CRYAB, PYGM), and immune evasion (e.g., RXRG). Key hub genes, such as OTX1 and IQGAP3, promote invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis, while context-dependent regulators, like SIM2 and RHPN1, modulate tumor behavior in a tissue-specific manner. Here, OTX1 is linked to neoplasm.