Moreover, stem cells derived from PD patients demonstrate that enhanced TLR2 activity induces neurotoxic factor secretion in parallel with autophagy-dysfunction-related α-Syn aggregation in astrocytes (Weiss et al., 2024), suggesting that dysregulation of lysosomal degradation may promote neurotoxic factor release in PD astrocytes. The gene discussed is TLR2; the disease is Parkinson disease.