GFAP and stroke disorder: As reliably distinguishing ICH from ischemic stroke remains a major prehospital challenge, future research could explore adding complementary biomarkers with strong diagnostic accuracy, such as GFAP or UCH-L1 for ICH detection (37–39), potentially improving the overall diagnostic accuracy of prehospital LFA-based POCT for distinguishing between AIS, ICH, and stroke mimics.