TNF and interstitial lung disease: Subsequent Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) (Figure 2A) revealed significant enrichment of several key biological pathways and cellular processes in the ILD group, including interferon-alpha (IFN-α) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) response, oxidative phosphorylation, apoptosis, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) signaling via NF-κB.