Our data provide important new information to support the evaluation of CD8+TRM cell density and spatial patterning amidst anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatment/PD-L1DATA that is pivotal for advancing our understanding of the determinants governing immunotherapy response outcomes in HCC patients and provides feasibility for the subsequent non-invasive prediction of the efficacy of ICB therapy in HCC. This evidence concerns the gene CD8A and hepatocellular carcinoma.