SPINK1 is enriched in CD133+ HCC cells and promotes stemness, dedifferentiation, and chemoresistance to sorafenib, oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and cisplatin by activating the ERK-CDK4/6-E2F2 signaling cascade (499). Here, MAPK1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.