For example, while certain circRNAs such as circIGF2BP3 or circRHBDD1 stabilize PD-L1 and promote immune escape in lung and gastric cancers, others like circNDUFB2 activate innate immunity via RIG-I signaling and enhance checkpoint blockade efficacy in NSCLC (34, 35, 46). Here, CD274 is linked to gastric cancer.