CGAS and hepatocellular carcinoma: (2023) revealed that SelW interacts with PKM2 to regulate glycolysis and lipid metabolism, triggering HIF-1α-mediated apoptosis, ROS production, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, with mtDNA leakage driving macrophage transformation via cGAS-STING, promoting NAFLD, fibrosis, and HCC (68).