VEGFA and colorectal carcinoma: In CRC, factors such as the IL-1α/IL1R/MyD88/TET2 axis, PAD4, MMP14, MMP9, MMP2, VEGF, HIF-1α, arginase-1, cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13), and chemokines (CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CXCL12) contribute to macrophage polarization 94, 95.