Notably, the combined therapy elicited the most potent bidirectional immunomodulatory effect: it most effectively suppressed immunosuppressive components (reducing Tregs to 3.91% and serum TGF-β1 to 266.82 pg/mL) while simultaneously maintaining a robust CD8+ T cell response (22.8%), thereby achieving optimal overall remodeling of the tumor immune landscape. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and neoplasm.