Conversely, intestinal FXR antagonists such as glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) and glycine-β-muricholic acid (glycine-β-MCA) have been shown to modulate bile acid, lipid, and glucose metabolism, thereby alleviating obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis.233. Here, NR1H4 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.