Similarly, inflammation plays a central role in IBD pathogenesis, with both CDand UC exhibiting profound dysregulation of innate and adaptive immune responses.Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous risk loci thatencode key regulators of cytokine production and immune signaling, such asnucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2),Interleukin-23 receptor (IL23R), and signal transducer and activator oftranscription 3 (STAT3), emphasizing the genetic underpinnings of IBD-relatedinflammation [70, 71]. Here, NOD2 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.