Four oncogenes, including SPI1, CDKN1A, VAV1, and PML, three cancer-related hallmark genes (FCGR2B, PIM1, and TNFAIP3), and key cancer-related pathways, including the p53 pathway, hypoxia, glycolysis, and RAS signaling, demonstrated consistent positive correlations with C/EBPβ (Supplementary Fig. 5A, B), suggesting their role as potential determinants of C/EBPβ expression heterogeneity in GBM. This evidence concerns the gene VAV1 and cancer.