INS and hyperinsulinism: They found that insulin and sulfonylureas may negatively affect immunotherapy responses by exacerbating hyperinsulinemia-induced immunosuppression, while drugs such as acarbose and sitagliptin, which specifically target postprandial hyperglycemia, show promise in enhancing antitumor immunity when combined with ICIs, suggesting that pharmacological strategies aimed at precise metabolic regulation can significantly impact cancer prognosis in diabetic patients [120].