,103 By regulating the development of CSCs, the ERK1/2 pathway contributes significantly to the development of several cancers.104, 105, 106 For example, Ding et al demonstrated that lncRNA H19 inhibition might contribute to the induction of oxidative stress and the reduction of chemoresistance of CD133+ CSCs in hepatocellular carcinoma by blocking the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway.107. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK3 and cancer.