The up-regulation of protein disulfide isomerase family A member 3 pseudogene 1 (PDIA3P1) is reported in a variety of malignancies, including glioma, liver cancer, lung cancer, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.173, 174, 175, 176 Huang et al have discovered that PDIA3P1 expression is associated with the malignant characteristics of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells176; this study has shown that PDIA3P1 knockdown results in decreased migration and invasion, increased apoptosis, decreased colony formation, and reduced proliferation.176. This evidence concerns the gene PDIA3P1 and liver cancer.