H2AX and central nervous system cancer: Both in vitro and in vivo tumor xenograft studies confirmed that TPTEP1 knockdown enhanced glioma cell stemness and radioresistance-associated gene expression, such as OCT4, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1), and γ-H2AX (the γ phosphorylated form of the histone H2AX).