These findings elucidate the central roles of estradiol-WNT7B signaling and stromal-derived TGFβ1-VDR crosstalk in endometrial gland development, providing a foundation for improved 3D endometrial models and identifying therapeutic targets for gland-related disorders like endometriosis, infertility, and endometrial hyperplasia. Here, TGFB1 is linked to endometriosis.