TNF and atrial fibrillation: These findings align with studies emphasizing inflammation’s role in AF, where cytokines such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha drive atrial remodeling and arrhythmogenesis.[53] Additionally, IgD‐CD38dim AC might activate other immune cell subsets, such as macrophages and T cells, amplifying local inflammatory cascades and worsening AF progression.