APOA1 and atherosclerosis: As the core structural protein of HDL, ApoA1 is defined within the classical theoretical framework as a biomolecule with multiple protective effects including anti-atherosclerosis, regulation of cholesterol reverse transport, and anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.[64,65] However, its association with the renal tubular injury marker KIM-1 presents a complex, multidimensional interaction network that may exhibit functional heterogeneity and bidirectional regulatory effects under pathological conditions.