In a phase I trial (NCT01753089), the personalized scaffold vaccine WDVAX—comprising GM-CSF, CpG-ODN, and autologous tumor lysates embedded in a macroporous poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLG) matrix scaffold—successfully recruited and activated DCs in situ, inducing immune activation in advanced melanoma patients [151]. Here, CSF2 is linked to melanoma.