TNF and neoplasm: To investigate the tumor immune microenvironment, scRNA-seq analysis in the current study revealed that ZBP1 deficiency significantly downregulated multiple metabolism- and proliferation-related pathways in tumor cells (e.g., E2F targets, MYC targets, glycolysis, and cell cycle pathways), while upregulating stress response, immune activation, and cell death-associated pathways (including p53 signaling, TNF-α/NF-κB signaling, and interferon responses).