TNF and neoplasm: To further evaluate effector function, we quantified the secretion of key cytokines, including interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which are critical for T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity, as well as interleukin-2 (IL-2), a marker of CAR-T-cell activation and persistence following the coculture of CAR-T cells with target tumor cells.