According to the HALLMARK enrichment analysis, CD169+ macrophages had higher expression of IFNγ-responsive genes (Fig. 5d), including Parp14, Fcgr1, Tapbp, Ccl2, Cxcl10, Oasl1, Nampt, Cmpk2, Trim26 and Lap3. These findings align with prior results demonstrating concurrent elevation of IFNγ levels and an increased proportion of CD169+ macrophages in AIH (Figs. 2a and 3f). This evidence concerns the gene CMPK2 and autoimmune hepatitis.