In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the TME is enriched with myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) that exhibit a CD39+CD73+ phenotype —a feature not observed in infiltrating NK cells, which primarily undergo functional exhaustion via other pathways (e.g. upregulation of the exhaustion marker TIM-3) rather than CD39/CD73 expression [18]. Here, ENTPD1 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.