GLP1R and Insulin resistance: Pharmacologically, the insulin-sensitizing agent metformin, which activates the AMPK signaling pathway to ameliorate peripheral insulin resistance, has been shown to markedly reduce FAI in PCOS patients (38) Additionally, newer glucose-lowering agents such as GLP-1 receptor agonists have also been observed to lower FAI, alongside their benefits in weight reduction and metabolic improvement (39).