In terms of anti-inflammatory interventions, sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors such as empagliflozin and dapagliflozin exhibit significant cardioprotective effects in HF models and patients (53, 54), partly independent of SGLT2 itself, involving downregulation of CXCL10 (55), suppression of macrophage inflammation, and modulation of fibroblast activation. This evidence concerns the gene SLC5A2 and hydrops fetalis.