Potential mechanisms may involve lymphocyte-mediated vascular repair through anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 (Huang et al., 2021), while patients with WMH often exhibit immunosenescence, characterized by lymphopenia and elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) levels (Lian et al., 2020; Soto-Heredero et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene CRP and lymphopenia.