Immune evasion mechanisms employed by tumor cells pose a significant challenge to delivery systems that use hydrogels loaded with extracellular vesicles provide an innovative solution to these cells often evade immune recognition and attack by downregulating major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and upregulating immune checkpoint molecules, such as programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) [121]. Here, CD274 is linked to neoplasm.