VEGFA and infection: The bioactive components within extracellular vesicles (EVs)promote cell proliferation and migration at the wound site and enhance angiogenesis by activating the HIF-1α/VEGFA signaling pathway. The hydrogel offers a stable microenvironment that extends the retention time and preserves the biological activity of EVs at the site of injury, thereby synergistically accelerating diabetic wound healing. Compared to conventional diabetic wound care, this approach promotes faster healing and significantly reduces the risks of infection and amputation.