KRAS and neoplasm: Still, in other cell types, such as lung carcinoma cells with activation of receptor tyrosine kinase pathways due to mutations in EGFR or KRAS, ELF3 had a clear tumor-promoting effect, and blocking its function through knockdown or inhibition of its upstream inducer, kinase Protein Kinase C iota (PKCι), resulted in cell apoptosis [63].