TSHR and thyroid gland carcinoma: Organoid models also enable assessment of environmental carcinogens: Yoo et al. exposed thyroid cancer organoids to perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs, 10 μM) and observed decreased Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Receptor (TSHR) expression, elevated Thyroglobulin (Tg) levels, cytoplasmic relocalization of E-cadherin, upregulation of vimentin, and increased Ki-67+ cells—findings suggesting PFCAs promote proliferation and metastasis via EMT [44].