TNF and major depressive disorder: For example, patients with MDD demonstrate elevation of peripheral and central inflammatory markers [22–24], first‐line antidepressants reduce proinflammatory cytokines (e.g., IL‐6, TNF‐α) [25], inflammatory comorbidities (e.g., arthritis, hepatitis), increase susceptibility to MDD, and anti‐inflammatory agents are reported to have therapeutic potential [5, 25].