ACSL4 and renal cell carcinoma: Additionally, proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) offer a novel approach to modulate ferroptosis: PROTACs targeting ACSL4 or Nrf2 have been developed to either induce ferroptosis (in renal cell carcinoma) or enhance antioxidant defense (in CKD), respectively, with improved specificity compared to small-molecule inhibitors.