In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), PLXDC1+ tumor-associated pancreatic stellate cells (TPSCs) are located adjacent to LRRC15+ myCAFs and SPP1+ macrophages, collectively forming a desmoplastic and immunosuppressive perimeter that promotes CD8+ TEX (28). Here, SPP1 is linked to pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.