CD38 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In T1D, an increase was observed in the double-positive CD8+CD38+ NK cell subpopulation compared to healthy donors (p = 0.0045) (Figure 1J, Table 2), as well as in CD8+CD38- NK cells (p = 0.0311) (Figure 1K, Table 2), along with a reduction in CD8-CD38+ NK cells (p = 0.0045) (Figure 1L, Table 2).