In this review, we summarize recent findings regarding neuritin’s signaling pathways, neuroprotective, neuroregenerative, and neuromodulatory properties, with a focus on its therapeutic potential to counter neurodegeneration in various conditions such as glaucoma, Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, diabetic neuropathy, and neuropsychiatric disorders. This evidence concerns the gene NRN1 and diabetic neuropathy.